Paying the costs of reproduction

شاخص اندازه‌گیری هزینه‌های اجتماعی مواد مخدر در ایران

This survey shows the social costs index resulting from drug abuse. drug social costs index measures the costs relating to drug abuse imposed to the society. this index could be one of the factors of reducing drug and also, measure the public policy effectiveness in relation to drug. the methodology has been used in this survey, is IILLNESSE COSTS method. on the basis of this method, all tangib...

The costs and benefits of occasional sex: theoretical predictions and a case study.

Theory predicts that occasional sexual reproduction in predominantly parthenogenetic organisms offers all the advantages of obligate sexuality without paying its full costs. However, empirical examples identifying and evaluating the costs and benefits of rare sex are scarce. After reviewing the theoretical perspective on rare sex, we present our findings of potential costs and benefits of occas...

How to gain the benefits of sexual reproduction without paying the cost: a worm shows the way.

Evolution of hosts paying manifold costs of defence.

Hosts are expected to incur several physiological costs in defending against parasites. These include constitutive energetic (or other resource) costs of a defence system, facultative resource costs of deploying defences when parasites strike, and immunopathological costs of collateral damage. Here, we investigate the evolution of host recovery rates, varying the source and magnitude of immune ...

The importance of paying attention to the nutritional requirements of ornamental fish

      It is important to know the nutritional requirements of ornamental fish to achieve better growth and production performance. In recent years, nutritional information has been obtained about some aquarium species. Also, in some cases, the diet information of these fish can be extracted from the results obtained from farmed fish. Having the right dietary formula for the complementary needs ...